Research Article | | Peer-Reviewed

Place of Food in the Lives of Peoples of Nkam Division-Cameroon: Symbolic Reading of the Act of Food During Certain Events of the Life Cycle

Received: 26 September 2024     Accepted: 25 October 2024     Published: 18 November 2024
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

This article questions the place of food in certain events of the life cycle among the Nkam peoples, namely childbirth, traditional marriage and death. A substantial observation has been made. The different stages of the family cycle are punctuated by events marked by rites. These are always associated with a food component which, at each phase, presents particular specificities. It is this observation that motivated the present research, the main objective of which is to highlight the symbolic charge which accompanies the rites which punctuate said events. It is therefore an invitation to explore an identity heritage which constitutes a cultural reference for these groups. The results obtained are based on qualitative surveys carried out in the Nkam department, Littoral-Cameroon region. These investigations, carried out through interviews and participant observation which were held during the course of the events but also during the scheduled meetings. These interviews were combined with the exploitation of literature. This therefore made it possible to organize the present work which revolves around food as an inseparable component of socio-cultural life. In addition, the act of eating appears to be ritualized and carries identity, giving it meaning and imposing itself at each stage of the fabric of human existence.

Published in Humanities and Social Sciences (Volume 12, Issue 6)
DOI 10.11648/j.hss.20241206.12
Page(s) 193-201
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Food, Rites, Identity Heritage, Childbirth, Traditional Marriage, Death

References
[1] Senghor, L.-S. Liberty I: Negritude and humanism, Seuil. Paris; 1964.
[2] Elungu P. E. A. The African Philosophical Awakening, L’Harmattan. Paris; 1984.
[3] Angot, J., Milano, P. How to link concepts and data, Nursing Research. 2005, (80), 12-27,
[4] Fouquet, A. Domestic work: from invisible work to a “source” of jobs”. In Masculine-Feminine questions for the human sciences, Maruani, M., Laufer, J., Marry, C. Eds. Presses Universitaires de France: Rennes; France; 2001, pp. 99-127.
[5] Arboix-Calas. Tell me what you eat…, Education and socialization, 2014, (36), 1-19.
[6] De Garine, I. Contribution of cultural anthropology to multidisciplinary investigations on food. In Eat Well and Live Well. Food anthropology and development in intertropical Africa: from biological to social, Froment, A., De Garine, I., Binam Bikoi, Ch., Loung, J. F., Eds, L’Harmattan-ORSTOM: Paris, France; 1996, pp. 23-34.
[7] De Garine, I. Culture and Nutrition, Communications, 1979, (31), 70-92.
[8] Aziliz, Gouez. The deeply cultural dimensions of eating, Economy and humanism, 2007, (380), 14-18,
[9] Gracia, L. A. L. Food prohibitions and Religions: History of dietary laws enacted by the three major religions of our society: Christianity, Islam and Judaism; influence on man’s contemporary relationships with his food. Veterinary doctorate, National veterinary school of Alfort, 2014.
[10] Lamine Ndiaye. Rites and Human Condition: Lesson on the lessons of the fathers, African sociological review, 2012 16(1), 41-60.
[11] Van Gennep, A. Rites of passage. Systemic study of rites, A & J. Picard, Paris; 1981.
[12] Jeffrey, D. Rites and ritualization. In Society, rites and symbols, Cherblanc, J. Eds., PUQ: Montréal, Canada; 2011.
[13] Rivière, C. Structure and counter-structure in profane rites. In Myths, rites, symbols in contemporary society, M. Segré Ed. L'Harmattan/Logiques sociales: Paris, France; 1997, pp. 101-122.
[14] Landry, V. The rite of passage in the context of adventure: A tool for better intervention with adolescents. Practical theology dissertation, University of Montreal. 2005.
[15] Fischler, C. The homnivore: taste, cooking and the body, Paris: Odile Jacob; 1990.
[16] Wulf, C. The ritual: Social formation of the individual and the community, Spirale. 2003, (31), 65-74,
[17] Ruhlmann, S. Funeral food practices among the Xalx Mongols. Purifications, offerings and meals. In Death in the mountains-Perceptions, representations, rituals, Boëtsch, G., Signoli, M., Tzortzis, S., Eds, Éditions des Hautes Alpes: Gap, France; 2008, pp. 243-256.
[18] Pitt-Rivers, J. The revenge of ritual in contemporary Europe, Practical School of Advanced Studies. 1984, (93), 41-60.
[19] Babelon, J. P., Chastel, A., The notion of heritage. Paris: Liana Levi; 1994.
[20] Krzysztof Pomian. Museum and heritage. In Mad Heritage, Jeudy, H. P., Ed., Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l’homme: Paris, France; 1990, pp. 177-198.
[21] Le Hégarat, T. A history of the notion of heritage, 2015,
[22] Feary, S., Brown, S., Marshall, D. Lilley, I., McKinnon, R., Verschuuren, B., Wild, R. The cultural heritage of the Earth. In Governance and Management of Protected Areas, Worboys, G. L., Lockwood, M., Kothari, A., Feary, S., Pulsford, I. Eds., ANU Press: Canberra, Australia; 2015, pp. 81-115.
[23] UNESCO. Cultural diversity, common heritage, plural identities, 2002,
[24] Giguère, H. Anthropological views on intangible cultural heritage, Anchoring in lower Andalusia, Anthropology and Societies. 2006, 30(2),
[25] Galitzine Loumpet, A. Memory traces and mining heritage: theoretical framing, ANR, MEMOMINES, 2017.
[26] Martiniello, M. Multicultural democracy, Paris: Presses de Sciences Po; 2011.
[27] Csergo, J. Thinking about gastronomic heritage(s): about some obstacles to understanding a protean at the heart of uncertainty. In Situ (online). 2019, (41),
[28] UNESCO. What is intangible cultural heritage? 2003,
[29] Boutaud J. J., Csergo, J. Intangible heritage and cultural identity. The French gastronomic meal recognized by UNESCO. In The metamorphosis of cultures. Societies and organizations in the era of globalization, Lardellier P. Ed. Editions universitaires de Dijon: Dijon, France; 2011, pp. 1-12.,
[30] Ricoeur, P. Oneself as another, Paris: Seuil; 1990.
[31] Siaska Kunnen, E., Harke Bosma, A. Identity development: a relational and dynamic process. Educational and professional guidance. 2006, 35(2), 37- 57.
[32] Dorais, L. J. The construction of identity. In Discourses and identity constructions, Dehaies, D., Diane, V. Eds. Les Presses de l’Université Laval: Québec, Canada; 2004, pp.1-11.
[33] Balibar, E. Culture and identity. Research Notes, NAQD. 1992, 1(2), 9-22.
[34] Dijioux, A. N. Education and family transmission of cultural identity in Reunion: between refusal and appropriation. PHD Thesis of Educational Sciences, University of Reunion. 2012.
[35] Ghomsi, E. History of the Bamiléké from the origins to 1920, Paris: University of Paris XIII; 1972.
[36] Atoukam Tchefenjem, L.-D. Culinary know-how in the Grassfields of Cameroon according to ages and events: historical dimension. In The heritage diet of Africans (ALIPA). Issues and challenges of food independence for development, Binam Bikoi, C., Nga, E., Eds. Cerdotola: Yaoundé, Cameroun; 2018, pp. 75-103.
[37] Badini, A. The conception of death in traditional Negro-African thought (the example of the Mossé of Upper Volta). Master’s thesis in philosophy, University of Dakar, 1975.
[38] Antoine P., Kuepié M., Maminirina T. Family cycle and residential mobility in African cities (Dakar, Yaoundé and Antananarivo). In The African population in the 21st century. Vol. 1, Third UEPA conference, Durban, December 6-10, 1999, pp. 601-629.
[39] Um II, R. Marriage. In Bassa cultural heritage explained to our children, text collection, Ndjiki Bikoï, C., Bout Ekédi, F., Ngo Ngambi Mooh., Um II, R., Balogue, E., Nguene Minka, Otto, Gwet. Eds. Otto Gwét (editorial direction); 2005, pp. 71-79.
[40] Tempels, P. Bantu Philosophy. Elisabethville: Lovania; 1945.
[41] Mveng, E. African art and crafts. Yaoundé: Editions Clé; 1980.
[42] Julier-Costes, M. Socio-anthropology of juvenile funeral socialization and the intimate experience of mourning. Young people facing the death of a friend. PHD Thesis in Sociology, University of Strasbourg, 2010.
[43] Komadina, C. G. G. Drinking with the Dead and Pachamama: An Anthropology of Ritual and Festive Drunkenness in the Bolivian Andes. PHD Thesis in anthropology, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2013.
[44] Arbia Hilali. Funeral Meals: A testimony of a socio-cultural dynamic in Roman Africa. In Ritual Dynamics and Religious Change in the Roman Empire. Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire (Heidelberg, July 5-7, 2007), Hekster, O., Schmidt-Hofner, S., Witschel, C. Eds., Leyde: Brill, 2009. pp. 269-284.
[45] Thomas, L. V. African Death. Funerary ideology in black Africa. Paris: Payot; 1982.
[46] Libali, B. Impact of funerals on the cycle of poverty and hunger in Brazzaville in the Republic of Congo. In CICRED, Seminar on Mortality as Both a Determinant and a Consequence of Poverty and Hunger. Thiruvananthapuram, India, 2005; pp. 1-7,
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Gervain, H. M. R., Baptiste, B. M. J. (2024). Place of Food in the Lives of Peoples of Nkam Division-Cameroon: Symbolic Reading of the Act of Food During Certain Events of the Life Cycle. Humanities and Social Sciences, 12(6), 193-201. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hss.20241206.12

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Gervain, H. M. R.; Baptiste, B. M. J. Place of Food in the Lives of Peoples of Nkam Division-Cameroon: Symbolic Reading of the Act of Food During Certain Events of the Life Cycle. Humanit. Soc. Sci. 2024, 12(6), 193-201. doi: 10.11648/j.hss.20241206.12

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Gervain HMR, Baptiste BMJ. Place of Food in the Lives of Peoples of Nkam Division-Cameroon: Symbolic Reading of the Act of Food During Certain Events of the Life Cycle. Humanit Soc Sci. 2024;12(6):193-201. doi: 10.11648/j.hss.20241206.12

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.hss.20241206.12,
      author = {Hen Mbah Roméo Gervain and Bike Mbah Jean Baptiste},
      title = {Place of Food in the Lives of Peoples of Nkam Division-Cameroon: Symbolic Reading of the Act of Food During Certain Events of the Life Cycle
     },
      journal = {Humanities and Social Sciences},
      volume = {12},
      number = {6},
      pages = {193-201},
      doi = {10.11648/j.hss.20241206.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hss.20241206.12},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.hss.20241206.12},
      abstract = {This article questions the place of food in certain events of the life cycle among the Nkam peoples, namely childbirth, traditional marriage and death. A substantial observation has been made. The different stages of the family cycle are punctuated by events marked by rites. These are always associated with a food component which, at each phase, presents particular specificities. It is this observation that motivated the present research, the main objective of which is to highlight the symbolic charge which accompanies the rites which punctuate said events. It is therefore an invitation to explore an identity heritage which constitutes a cultural reference for these groups. The results obtained are based on qualitative surveys carried out in the Nkam department, Littoral-Cameroon region. These investigations, carried out through interviews and participant observation which were held during the course of the events but also during the scheduled meetings. These interviews were combined with the exploitation of literature. This therefore made it possible to organize the present work which revolves around food as an inseparable component of socio-cultural life. In addition, the act of eating appears to be ritualized and carries identity, giving it meaning and imposing itself at each stage of the fabric of human existence.
    },
     year = {2024}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Place of Food in the Lives of Peoples of Nkam Division-Cameroon: Symbolic Reading of the Act of Food During Certain Events of the Life Cycle
     
    AU  - Hen Mbah Roméo Gervain
    AU  - Bike Mbah Jean Baptiste
    Y1  - 2024/11/18
    PY  - 2024
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hss.20241206.12
    DO  - 10.11648/j.hss.20241206.12
    T2  - Humanities and Social Sciences
    JF  - Humanities and Social Sciences
    JO  - Humanities and Social Sciences
    SP  - 193
    EP  - 201
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2330-8184
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hss.20241206.12
    AB  - This article questions the place of food in certain events of the life cycle among the Nkam peoples, namely childbirth, traditional marriage and death. A substantial observation has been made. The different stages of the family cycle are punctuated by events marked by rites. These are always associated with a food component which, at each phase, presents particular specificities. It is this observation that motivated the present research, the main objective of which is to highlight the symbolic charge which accompanies the rites which punctuate said events. It is therefore an invitation to explore an identity heritage which constitutes a cultural reference for these groups. The results obtained are based on qualitative surveys carried out in the Nkam department, Littoral-Cameroon region. These investigations, carried out through interviews and participant observation which were held during the course of the events but also during the scheduled meetings. These interviews were combined with the exploitation of literature. This therefore made it possible to organize the present work which revolves around food as an inseparable component of socio-cultural life. In addition, the act of eating appears to be ritualized and carries identity, giving it meaning and imposing itself at each stage of the fabric of human existence.
    
    VL  - 12
    IS  - 6
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Sections